Calosoma (Campalita) chlorostictum Dejean, 1831
This species is characterized by the elytron with 16 intervals (triploid type of Jeannel in which only one tertiary interval exists on each sides of a secondary one). The shape of the body is very similar to that of C. maderae, and C. chlorostictum could be confused with the eastern populations of this one which sometimes present an elytral sculpture apparently of triploid type. However the two species can easily be distinguished because in C. chlorostictum the elytral sculpture is clearly raised with in-deept striae and convex interval, trasversally incised but not imbricated.
It is the only species of Campalita living in the palaeo-tropical region. It is present on the islands of Cabo Verde and St. Helena, but it seems to be missing in West Africa (Mandl 1954, however, has described as rugosum amabile a specimen indicated from Brazil but that he supposed would have been captured in West Africa).
Jeannel (1940) has distinguished from the typical form, the two insular populations. Basilewski (1972), while maintaining the same systematic approach, noted that the population of St. Helena (chlorostictum helenae Hope 1838) is hardly distinguishable from typical one, as opposed to what happens instead for the well characterized population in Cabo Verde (chlorostictum cognatum Chaud. 1850), arguing in the first case for a recent introduction and in the second one for an ancient spread of the species along the Atlantic coast of Africa, from where today it is gone.
Calosoma (Campalita) chlorostictum chlorostictum Dejean, 1831
Carabus rugosus De Geer, 1778: 223, pl. 47, fig. 2 (described from: Cape of Good Hope) (preoccupied by Carabus rugosus Fabricius, 1775: 130)
Calosoma curvipes Kirby, 1818: 380 (described from Brazil); holotype ♂ in Natural History Museum, London (Roeschke 1900: 58) (considered as nomen nudum by Jeannel, 1940: 101)
Calosoma rugosum var. chlorostictum Dejean, 1831: 558 (type locality: Dongola), holotype ♀ designated by Deuve (1978: 247) by monotypy in Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [examined]
Calosoma chlorostictum Klug, 1832: pl.23, fig 10.
Calosoma Helenae Hope, 1838: 130 (type locality: Island of St Helena); holotype in Natural History Museum, London (Roeschke 1900: 59)
Calosoma crassipes Chaudoir, 1843: 745 (described from: Kordofan)
Calosoma australe Hope, 1845: 104 (described from Australia) type lost (Breuning, 1927: 208)
Calosoma haligena Wollaston, 1861: 208 (type locality: Saint Helena); syntype in Natural History Museum, London (Jeannel, 1940: 101)
Calosoma rugosum v. elegans Géhin, 1885: 60, note 60 (nec Kirsh, 1859 ) (described from Mozambique)
Campalita calida sensu Lapouge, 1924: 43 (misinterpretation of calidum Fabricius, 1775)
Calosoma (Callistriga) maderae ssp. rugosum Breuning, 1927: 205
Calosoma (Callistriga) maderae var. helenae Breuning, 1927: 205
Calosoma (Callistriga) maderae var. chlorostictum Breuning, 1927: 205
Caminara chlorostictum Jeannel, 1940: 101
Caminara chlorostictum helenae Jeannel, 1940: 103
Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum hadramautum Mandl, 1954: 160 (type locality: Keshin); holotype ♀ in Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien
Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum amabile Mandl, 1954: 161 (type locality: Rio de Janeiro, doubtful datum); holotype ♂ in Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien
Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum kasyi Mandl, 1967: 455 (described from Ramadi, Irak); type material holotype ♂, allotype and one pair of paratypes (Ramadi and Bakuba), depository not stated
Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum vartianorum Mandl (nomen nudum) (from Ramadi, Irak) specimens ♂ ♀ (labelled paratype) in Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel [examined]
Calosoma (Callistriga) chlorostictum rugosulum Mandl, 1970: 60 (unnecessary replacement of the name rugosus De Geer)
Campalita chlorostictum Basilewski, 1972: 37
Campalita chlorostictum helenae Basilewski, 1972: 37
Calosoma (Caminara) chlorostictum ivinskisi Obydov & Saldaitis, 2010: 54 (type locality: Socotra Isl., Ayhft River Valley); holotype ♂ in Institute of Ecology of Vilnius University; synonymy later established by Farkač & Häckel (2012: 71).
Calosoma (Campalita) chlorostictum Bruschi, 2013: 55
Lenght 25-30 mm. C. chlorostictum chlorostictum consists of the continental populations and of the population of St. Helena island. All these populations have deep striae on the elytra, the intervals are raised and conspicuously incised by transverse wrinkles, the upper body can be light or dark bronze.
In the tormented events of the name to be attributed to the species, starting from rugosum to get to chlorostictum further confusion arose at a certain point from the fact that Lapouge (1924: 43) reported that he had noticed two specimens among the typical material of C. calidum preserved in the collection of Fabricius at the Natural History Museum of London, that instead belonged to the species that three years later would be described by De Geer as C. rugosum. For this reason, according to his opinion, the name of calidum should prevail for that species that today instead we call chlorostictum and the one we call C. calidum should have been called C. lepidum. Jeannel (1940: 101) then rejected this interpretation and definitively imposed the name chlorostictum with his authority.
C. chlorostictum chlorostictum is found in South Africa (Namibia e RSA) and it occupies the coast of the Indian Ocean and both coasts of the Red Sea up to Egypt. It is present in the Arabian peninsula (reported sub rugosum hadramautum Mandl, 1954) including Socotra (described as chlorostictum ivinskisi Obydov & Saldaitis, 2010), up to the Iraq (reported sub rugosum kasyi Mandl, 1967) where it coexists with C. maderae. Eastward it could perhaps penetrate into Iran from where it has been cited, though without exact locality (Farkač & Hackel, 2012: 72).
In Egypt C. chlorostictum apparently replaces C. maderae and might be of some interest to note its continous presence in the area, in that a specimen was retrieved from the gut of a mummified Ibis of the fourth millennium BC (Blair, 1935, quoted by Moret, 1996: 186 and by Panagiotakopulu, 2001: 1235). It is absent in Mediterranean countries other than Egypt. A specimen of Algeria, of unspecified locality, existing in the National Museum, in Prague, has been published (Farkač & Häckel, 2012: 71) but it seems unlikely and could be a mishandling error.
In the case of the population of St. Helena island (described by Hope in 1838 as chlorostictum helenae), according with the above cited opinion of Basilewski (1972), we do not feel that a subspecific distinction is necessary. In fact, regardless of the relative smallness (20-26 mm.), that however is frequently encountered in insular populations, it is very difficult to distinguish helenae from the continental populations. Its intervals are raised and deeply incised, as it happens in any other populations, and the differences in punctuation of the metaepisternum described by Jeannel (1940), are hardly noticeable and anyway are not constant.
Examined specimens and literature’s data:
Botswana. Serowe (www.gbif.org/)
British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena Isl. (MNHN; RMCA; SB), Wood Cot, Plantation, Casons, High Peak, West Lodge, Stitch’s Ridge, Diana’s Peak (Wollaston, 1877: 4), Rupert’s Valley, Deadwood Plain, Flagstaff, Prosperous Bay Plain, Basse Fisher’s Valley, Pleasant Valley, Haute Deep Valley, Varney’s, Sandy Bay, entre Luffkins and Peak Farm (Basilewski, 1972: 39)
Djibouti. Djibouti; Obock (Jeannel, 1940:104)
Egypt. Desbrocha (SB); El Cairo (NMP, SB); Kafr El-Sheikh (Alfieri, 1976: 3; Hendawy & al., 2017: 280); Mansura (MZR); Alexandria, Luxor (Breuning 1927: 209); Tura, Matarieh, Nile Delta, Ismailia (Schatzmayr, 1936: 24); Sinai Peninsula (Jeannel, 1940:104; Hendawy & al., 2003: 6950); Sidi Bishr, Abu Qir, Kafr El-Sheikh, Helwan, Kharga vill., Wadi El Arish (Alfieri, 1976: 3).
Eritrea. Massawa (AVT); Asmara (sub rugosum, Breuning 1927: 209), Nefasit (Rougemont, 1976: 246); Dorfu valley, Sabderat, Carcabat (Vigna & Bruschi, 1987: 21)
Ethiopia. Hararge (Jeannel, 1940:104); Shewa: Langano Lake (RMCA, SB), Abijata Lake (SB), 25 km W of Addis Ababa (RMCA), Menagesha forest, Ghefersa reservoir, Mt Salale (Rougemont, 1976: 246), Gherba (Vigna & Bruschi, 1987: 21); Sidamo: Neghelli (sub C. rugosum Müller, 1939: 178), Abaya Lake (Margherita) (sub C. rugosum Alluaud 1923: 128); Tigré: Axum (Rougemont, 1976: 246), Deresgie Mariam (13°01’N 38°10’E) (Rougemont, 1976: 246); South Wello: Tula (11°25’N 39°40’E); Wadja (12°25’N 39°35’E) (Rougemont, 1976: 246).
Iran. (Farkač & Hackel, 2012: 72)
Iraq. Bagdad (sub rugosum kasyi, NMB); Bakuba (= Baʿqūba) (Mandl: 1967; 456); Ramadi (sub rugosum vartianorum; NMB), Mesopotamia (MNHN); Al Qibla, Basrah (www.inaturalist.org/obs/10065169)
Yemen. Socotra: Hadibou (AVT, SB), Adho Demalu (BMNH, Vigna Taglianti & Bruschi, 1988: 238), Haghier Mountains (type of C. chlorostictum ivinskisi); Keshin (Kischin) at the output of the Wadi Hadramawi, Jafia (sub hadramautum Mandl, 1970: 62).
Kenya. Kajiado: Kajiado South (www.inaturalist.org), Namanga 1200m (Farkač & Häckel 2012: 71); Marsabit: Loiyangalani (www.gbif.org/); Machakos: Machacos Town (www.inaturalist.org); Narok: Narok North (www.inaturalist.org); Rift Valley prov: Masai Mara NR (SB)
Kuwait. Al Ahmadi (www.inaturalist.org)
Lesotho. Basutoland, Mamates (RMCA)
Madagascar. La Mandraka (http://carabidae.org); Moramanga; Midongy Sud National Park; Sakaraha (Farkač & Häckel 2012: 71)
Mozambique. type of rugosum v. elegans (Géhin, 1885: 60, note 60)
Namibia. Outjo (AVT); Hardap: Maltahohe 1350m. (SB), Capricorn Restcamp (EBay); Capricorn rest camp 1380m (SB); Erongo: Swakopmund (SB); Kuzikus Wildlife Reserve (www.gbif.org/); Otjosondu, Okahandja (Kuntzen, 1919: 113); Khomas: between Windhoek (Windhuk) and Waterberg, between Windhoek and Haris (Kuntzen, 1919: 113); Karas: Kuibis (Kuntzen, 1919: 113)
Oman. (carabidae.org)
Qatar. Abu Samrah (Abdu & Shaumar, 1985)
Saudi Arabia. Dhahlan, Al Jubail (AC); Jeddah (Mandl, 1970:62), Riyadh (Wittmer & al., 1979: 527); El Edjaz (= Hegiaz) (RMCA); Al Bahah (SB)
Somalia. Togdheer, Gahan Libah (AVT); Hargeissa (sub rugosum Mandl, 1968c:128)
South Africa. Free State: Bothaville (SB), Ladybrand (EM), Oranjekrag (EM), Florisbad (AVT), Boshof (AVT), Smithfield (www.gbif.org/), Bloemfontein (www.inaturalist.org/); Gauteng: Pretoria (www.gbif.org/), Cannon Rocks, Bronkhorstspruit (www.inaturalist.org/), Seringveld (https://www.ispotnature.org/), Florida (AVT); Kwa Zulu-Natal: Ladysmith (AVT), Weenen 817m, Van Reenen 1566m (SB), Karkkloof (www.gbif.org/), Amajuba, Uthukela (www.inaturalist.org/), Rosetta (SB); Limpopo: Bela-Bela (Warmbaths) (www.ebay.it); Mpumalanga (Eastern Cape): Blade River Canyon, Oliphant Pass, Stormsriver (SB), Dunbrody, Uitenhage, Port Elizabeth (www.gbif.org/), Nkangala, Cacadu (www.inaturalist.org); Northern Cape: Orania (EM), Van der Kloof (EM), Hopetown (EM), Strydenburg (AVT), Kimberley, Calvinia (www.gbif.org/), Postmasburg, Pixley ka Seme (www.inaturalist.org/); North West Province: Rustenburg (AVT), Hartbeespoort (www.inaturalist.org/), Potchefstroom (www.gbif.org/); Western Cape: Citrusdal, George, Cederberg (SB), Swellendam (AVT), Piketberg (AVT), Wellington (AVT), Sir Lowry's Pass, Stellenbosch, Koringberg, Cape Town, Merweville (www.gbif.org/), De Hoop Nature Reserve, Aberdeen (www.ispotnature.org/), Riebeeck West, Montagu, Jenkershoek Natura Reserve, Stanford, Brenton on Sea, Mossel Bay, Porterville,, Still Bay, Constantia, Eden, Cape Agulhas (www.inaturalist.org/), Bredasdorp (SB).
Sudan. Dongola (holotype rugosum var. chlorostictum, MNHN); Ambukol wells (Schatzmayr, 1936: 24), Wadi Halfa (Mandl, 1963b: 419); Red Sea province, 175 km NE of Atbara (SB)
Swaziland. (carabidae.org)
Tanzania. Arusha: Kilimanjaro (zone des forêts) (SB), Mount Meru (EM, RMCA), Sekei (AVT), Arusha airport (AVT), Arusha urban area (www.inaturalist.org/); Manyara: Ngorongoro (SB,VV); Serengeti (Seronera) (www.inaturalist.org)
Zambia. (carabidae.org)
Zimbabwe. Harare (AVT)
Notes: Diurnal as well as nocturnal, winged, attracted to light at night. Given the extent of diffusion area, active individuals may be encountered during the whole year, more or less frequent depending on rainfall regime dominant in the different regions.
In Egypt the larvae and adults of C. chlorostictum were observed preying on the larvae and pupae of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis that seriously damages the cotton farming (El-Borollosy & Al., 1974).
In Saint Helena it is common throughout the island at medium and low altitude and feeds mainly on caterpillar of Lepidoptera Noctuidae. Active individuals were captured starting from March to May, and from November up to January but most probably it is present all the year long (Basilewski, 1972: 39)
 Dejean, 1831 Dongola (type of Calosoma rugosum var. chlorostictum Dejean, 1831) (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) |
 Dejean, 1831 Ethiopia: Shoa, Langano lake, 22.9.85, Piantà lgt. |
 Dejean, 1831 Ethiopia: Shoa, Abiata lake, VIII.84, Bruschi |
 Dejean, 1831 Iraq, Bagdad (at light), 15.VI.60, P. Stacey lgt. Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum kasyi Mandl, 1967 det. Mandl (coll. Naturhistorischen Museum Basel) |
 Dejean, 1831 Iraq, Ramadi, 12.V.63 Zazy u Vartian lgt. paratype of Calosoma (Callistriga) rugosum vartianorum Mandl, 1965 in litt.(coll. Naturhistorischen Museum Basel) |
 Dejean, 1831 St. Helena, ex musaeo Fairmaire (coll. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) |
 Dejean, 1831 Sainte-Hélène |
Calosoma (Campalita) chlorostictum cognatum Chaudoir, 1850
Calosoma cognatum Chaudoir, 1850: 421 (described from: Cap-Vert); lectotype ♂ designated by Deuve (1978: 249) in Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [examined]
Calosoma tegulatum Wollaston, 1867: 4 (described from: Cape Verdes); syntypes in Natural History Museum, London (Jeannel, 1940: 101)
Calosoma (Callistriga) maderae cognatum Breuning, 1927: 205
Caminara (Campalita) calida cognata Lapouge, 1932: 411
Caminara chlorostictum cognatum Jeannel, 1940: 103
Lenght 22-26 mm. It is an insular population of reduced dimension, characterized by the upper body constantly blackish brown. The elytral sculpture is quite different from the one of the continental populations as the intervals are less raised and less conspicuously incised. Moreover deep points are well visible along the striae.
Examined specimens and literature’s data:
Cabo Verde (Republic of). (lectotype of cognatum, MNHN); Ilha de Boa Vista: (Oromí & al., 2005: 79), 2 km S Sal Rei (Aistleitner & Baehr 2016: 53), Aereoporto Aristide Pereira (www.inaturalist.org); Ilha Brava: 400-700 m (MNHN), Cachaco 550-800m, Fontainhas 800-900m, Nova Sintra, Lem, Covada 420m, Mato Grande 650-700m, Santana 490m (Aistleitner & Baehr 2016: 53); Ilha do Fogo: (sub tegulatum, Wollaston, 1867: 5), Chã das Caldeiras 1650-1700m, Bordeira 1950m (Aistleitner & Baehr 2016: 53); Ilha do Maio (Oromí & al., 2005: 79); Ilha de Santo Antão: (SB), Cova (Herbert, 1987: 97), Coculi (www.inaturalist.org); Ilha de São Nicolau (Oromí & al., 2005: 79); Ilha de Santiago (Oromí & al., 2005: 79), Sra. Malagueta 850-1000m (Aistleitner & Baehr 2016: 53); Ilha de São Vicente (sub tegulatum, Wollaston, 1867: 5); Ilha do Sal: Mte. Grande, 350-400m (Aistleitner & Baehr 2016: 53), Santa Maria (www.inaturalist.org), Aeroporto Amilcar Cabral (www.inaturalist.org).
Notes: Diurnal as well as nocturnal, winged. Active individuals were captured in the temperate period from September to February. According to Mateu reported by Basilewsky (1972: 39) the species can be meet more easily, under stones or wandering in the meadows, on the heights towards 1400 m, where even during the dry period, a bit of cloudiness can form, and a bit of rain or drizzle can fall.
 Chaudoir, 1850 Cap Vert (type) (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) |
 Chaudoir, 1850 Is Cabo Verde, Brava 400 700m, VIII.1998, I. Fea (coll. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) |
 Chaudoir, 1850 Cabo Verde: Chao de Lagoa Santo Antao Archibispo, 17.II.55, J. Mateu |